Shaft.



` tion.

`stood to be a weld,

'UNITED sTATEs PATENT OFFICE.'

WILLIAM SPEIRS SIMPSON, OF LONDON, ENGLAND, ASSIGNOR, DY MESNE .ASSIGN- MENTS, TO UNITED STATES CARRO-WELDING COMPANY OF DELAWARE.

SHAFT.

ULIIFJT.,`

@riginal application led April 12, 1907,

Tol all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM Srnins SIMP- soN, a subject of the King of Great Britain, residing in London, England, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Shafts, of which the following isa specifica- The present improvement relates to shafts made up of unlike metals, such as soft and hard metals, that is, metals. of dilferent kinds or characteristics or which fuse at different temperatures, and especially such for instance as iron or steel and copper, welded together without the use of a flux as ordinarily understood and without pres- The present improvement contemplates the manufacture of shafts of all kinds, axles for various purposes, rods, similar articles wherein it may be desirable to unite hard and friction resisting exteriors with more elastic or less brittle interiors or centers, by building them up of steel or iron and a relatively more ductile or mobile metal, or both, such component parts being Welded together so that the strength of each member is joined to the thereby to provide a u integral structure and cause suchwelded metals to have the characteristics and qualities which might pertain to a corresponding structure made vintegral of one metal, but consisting of some metal having a lesser stability or strength than the steel component and a greater stability or'strength, or both, than the intermediate ductile component The present improvement consists of shafts and other articles of the character specified, either hollo'vsT or solid, made up of unlike metals united as permanently for example as welded layers of iron or steel, and since this perfect union of iron or steel is usuallydesignated as and ,generallyv underand because this term weld is the one which by those skilled in the art is. most naturally applied to such a union, I have also designated herein the union which is obtained between'the unlike metals by the term `weld, although it is Specification of Letters Patent.

bearings and strength of theI other Patented Aug. 9, 1910.

Serial No. 367,840. Divided and this application filed January 16,. 1908. Serial No. 411,055.

tration of the metals and what may be con-v sidereda perfect or true Weld between such unlike metals, as distinguished from ther mere adhesion, as by soldering or sticking together, of metals, which latter lack the mechanical qualities and efficiency which would naturally belong to a strictly integral member. By means of the procedure set forth in this case ithas been found practicable, it is believed for the first time in the historyr` of these arts, to construct a built up shaft or axle in such a reliable manner that it becomes fsuperior in mechanical qualities and eilieiency'to a shaft or axle made of one metal.

As a preface to a further description of the present improvement, it may be said that it is generally admitted by those familiar with matters vof this kind-that the welding of copper and steel, or other unlike metals, has not up to the present invention been considered possible, although I am aware that it has `been sometimes alleged that such results have been obtained. But experience has proven that such so-called welding was lbut mere adhesion of one unlike metal to another, and not a welding or a molecular interpenetration of one and consequently one metal could be stripped from the other by means o f a cold chisel or wedge, although"` for some purposes, such as copper and steel, for instance, might adhere su ciently together to permit them to be used so long as there was no sufficient stripping or other separating force used to strip or separate one metal however, also admitted by those familiar with vthis art that I have succeeded in welding unlike metals, such for instance as copper and steel, and in consequence I am able llr from the other. It is,

85 metal with the other,

to provide an improved shaft or axle having the characteristics hereinbefore mentioned.

In carrying out the present improvement theshafts or axles may be made up in various ways. One of such embodiments is exemplified in the drawings, which illustrate a shaft or axle made up of rods inclosed within a tube or shell, and which rods surround a core or center in the for mof a rod of larger diameter, intermediate which rods the unlike metal or copper is placed, and the whole welded together through the medium of Such unlike metal.

In the drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification, Figure 1 illustrates a cross section of a solid integral shaft or axle made in the manner last described; Fig. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view taken in line 2-2, Fig. l; Fig. 3 is a cross sectional view of a portion of the shaft or axle shown in Fig. 1 before the copper is inserted between the rods and shell; and Fig. L illustrates, on a small scale, a sec-I tional view of a rod or` shaft made up of a plurality of rods (three) welded together by an unlike metal and without an outer shell or tube.

Various modes of incorporating the unlike metal or copper with the steel may be used, as for instance, by pouring such unlike metal or copper while in a molten condition between the rods, or by placing such metal in a suitable form, as for instance in plate or block form, or in granular form, on the ends of the shaft and bringing such unlike metal to a molten condition, so that it will iow between the rods and fill in the spaces or interstices around such rods.

In some cases the outer surface of the shaft may be protected from corrosion or deterioration by coating it with an unlike non-corrosive metal', such as copper, which is also welded to the metal of which the shaft is made up.

In Figs. 1 to 3 of the drawings, which are merely illustrative, the outer shell 2 of steel has inclosed therein a number of rods 3, also I of ,steel and of the desired diameter, which rods are in this 'instance shown of clrcular form although other shapes could be used,

p and located around a core 4 of steel of somethat the built up shaft may be said to comwhat larger dia-meter than the rods, the unlike metal or copper 5 welding the rods thereto kand to each other. In these views ,the rods are shown forming into layers alternately with layers of unlike metal, so

prise alternate layers of unlike. metals. Fig. 4 illustrates the same form of shaft, except that the outer4 shell and core are omitted.

One of the advantages of the present improvement is that the shaft may be made up of arelatively rigid and a more duetile metal, and this may be not only in the man- .metals which are to be ner shown in the drawings, but the shaft may be made up of different kinds of steel along with copper' or.other unlike metal, whereby it will have a certain amount of elasticity in use which cannot be obtained with a solid shaft made up of one metal.

`It is to be understood that within the scope of the present improvement is the (manufacture of various forms of shafts, axles or similar articles made up of united or welded unlike metals, such as hard and soft metals, or metals which fuse or melt at different temperatures, such as aluminum, copper, tin, lead, zinc, and theirvarious alloys, which comprise in part the softer metals and melt at low temperatures, and steel or iron, which melt at higher temperatures and comprise in part the harder metals, and that the term shaft as used herein and in the claims is intended to include an axle or any other article having the same general shape or formation, hollow or solid, and however put together or made up. In the manufacture of theses shafts I bring into contact in any'suitable way the surfaces of the requisit`e^pieces of unlike, such as hard and soft, Iunited, joined or welded together, either by winding them into the desired form, or, as shown in the drawings, by making the shaft up of rods, or of rods and tubes. The whole are then suitably held or clamped in the desired position, either with the unlike metal placed in the manner hereinbefore described or placed in wire, rod or strip formation, between the steel or other rods, and the structure so made up is then incased, covered or enveloped on all' sides, and inside and out if a tubular shaft, with a composition or paste made up'of a carbonaceous material, such for instance as ground coke, charcoal or other form of carbon as pure as possible and mixed with water and a suitable binding material, such as treacle, sugar, starch, Hour, or other similar substance, preferably such as may be soluble in water and having the properties of binding with water and, when calcined, of forming a reasonably pure, coherent coke. This carbonaceous covering or envelop may either be formed into a mold to t the mass of metal assembled for welding and which after being suitably dried may be used to envelop the structure while being heated; or the metals to be welded may be placed in a suitable receptacle, such as a fire resisting Crucible or a metallic vessel, with lor without a cover, and the carbonaceous paste may be tightly packed around the same on all sides, after w'hich the entire mass of metals, carbonaceous covering or packing and receptacle are subjected to sufcient heat, either in a mule or other furnace, or in a bath of molten metal, such as pig iron to fuse or melt the softer but not the harder metal. Under the said condiother preparatory pickling or cleaning, and `also prevents the oxidatlon of the softer metal while molten, so that in a brief space of time after fusing the latter becomes firmly joined, united or welded to and with the harder metal at every point of conta-ct, in.

all cases there bein an appreciable infiltration lof a portion otg the softer metal into the harder metal in contact therewith. The carbonaceous paste prepared as aforesaid also forms an efficient mold to retain in the desired position and prevent the esca e of the softer metal w'hile in a molten con ition.y

In some cases, especially when the softer metal used is copper, it is desirable to add to thecarbonaceous paste a small quantity of zinc or-zinc lings, the presence of which is advantageous for the prevention of blow holes. in the copper surface while cooling.

In some cases the rods or tubes, or sheet windin s of steel or iron which are to be 4joined y the interposed welding material, such as copper or brass, may be spaced or kept at the desired dist-ance from each other by inserting between the same suitable spaein disks or rivets of steel to prevent the so ter metal or welding material from being squeezed out or displaced while in a molten condition by the weight or pressure of the rodsv or members to be joined, united or welded. l

ln some cases when it is desired to join, unite or weld together the several members to form a composite structure of iron or steel, such members may be assembled or arranged and suitably spacedv and clamped or otherwise held in their desired relative positions and a quantity of the softer metal or Welding material, sufficient to accom lish the desired union or welding, may be p aced either in solid or granular form on the end of the assembled members of harder metal, and the entire mass then covered or enlveloped in the carbonaceous paste hereiubc.-

fore described and subjected to heat in such a manner that the softer metal when fused or melted will flow down and ll the spaces between or interstices of the mass of harder metals underneath and so accomplish the desired union or welding together of such parts. Ur in some cases the harder metals l or rods may be clamped in the desiredrelative positions and thestructure covered or enveloped with the hereinbefore described carbonaceous paste, and while -being subjected .to the necessary heat the copper,

' brass or other softer met-al with which it is desired to weld together the members of I harder metal maybe introduced in a molten l condition and brought into contact therewith in any convenient'manner so as to How down and fill up the interstices or prearranged spaces intended to receive the same between the wound sheets or rods o1' members of hard metal. A simple method of Y such introduction is, when enveloping or covering the mass with the covering of carbonaceous paste to so place a plumbago Crucible, having a cover, on the end of the mass of assembled metals that from a small hole. or orifice in the bottom of such Crucible, which must be stoppered until the moment when the soft metal or welding material is to be released therefrom, the molten metal when Y oured therein may flow into the spaces between the harder metal members or rods and join, unite or weld the same firmly y together, or 1n some cases may form a coating of the softer metal upon the harder outer metal surface in a suitably prepared mold ofthe carbonaceous paste hereinbefore described. 4

In some cases a paste may be employed that is lacking the requisite carbon, or of refractory character, such as graphite, in' which event the metals or rods to be welded or united may be placed in a Crucible orother suitable receptacle having a cover, which may be luted or otherwise fastened thereon, and the enveloping material placed around such shaft and the receptacle hermetically sealed, and while being subjected to heat carbonio oXid may be introduced into the Crucible under pressure by means of a tube passing throu h the cover thereof and through the enve oping material, so that `the gas may be brought into contact with the metals under the 'conditions required to provide a reducing or deoxidizing atmosphere suitable for the accomplishment members or rods of the harder metal making up the shaft may be envelo ed or covered with a paste the chief ingre ient wherev of may be graphite or other material so refractory or low in carbon as to require the additional presence of carbonio oXid introduced as above mentioned, and the copper, brass or other softer metal or welding material may be introduced in molten form and brought into contact with the harder metals in the manner hereinbefore described. And' thus, in a number of different ways this iniproved shaft or axle, made up of a hardand friction resisting exterior with a more elastic or less britt-le interior or center, of welded unlike metals may be formed by subjecting the rods or members forming the structure to a material-effective to cause, as l apprehend, the molecular interpenetration of one metal with the other while one is being brought to or is in a' molten condition.

The present application is a divisional one of my applicat-lonSerial No. 367,840, `filed of the desired result. In like manner, the

Aprill, 1907, for improvement in method comprising an outer shell and a plurality of of unit-ing or Welding-metals. members therein made up of steel and cop- I claim as my invention: per all Welded together. 1. A structure of the character described, WILLIAM SPEIRS SIMPSON. 5 made up of steel rods, a steel shell inclosing Vitnesses:

the same, and copper Welded together. H. D.v JAMESON,

2. A struct-ure of the character described, F. L. RAND. 

